SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci., 10(1): 3501-3507, Jan 2024

Enhancing Life-saving Skills: Evaluating the Impact of an Educational Module on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Deepika Dasar^1*, Jayashree G Itti², Shivanand D³, Javeed B³, Kaveri T³, Shridevi S³

¹Lecturer, Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing, Shri B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences, Bagalkot. Karnataka, India

²Principal, Dept. of Community Health Nursing, Shri B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot, Karnataka, India

³Student, Dept. of. Medical surgical Nursing, Shri B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India

 

^*Address for Correspondence Deepika Dasar, Lecturer, Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing, Shri B. V. V. S. Institute of Nursing Sciences, Bagalkot- 587101, India

E-mail: deepikadasar203@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT- Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. This means that approximately 17.3 million deaths are reported annually, and this figure is expected to reach 23.3 million by 2030. Developing countries are facing increasing numbers of NCDs; 42% of NCD-related deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases. The term CVD is broad and describes many conditions related to the heart and blood vessels. Some of these are caused by vascular occlusion, causing ischemic heart disease, such as myocardial infarction, angina, or stroke.

Methods: In this study, pretest, group pretest, and posttest were applied. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 50 students and collect data through a survey on knowledge and CPR behaviour. After data collection, subjects underwent a training session and 8 days later, a test was administered using the same questionnaire and behavioural assessment. 

Results: The pretest indicated that 34% of students had average CPR knowledge, 66% were poor, and 94% were inadequate. The student's attitude towards CPR indicated that 92% performed average, 8% did poorly, and 92% did well in the subsequent exam. Pretest knowledge score (7.44 1.97) was greater than post-test (17.16 1.60), t(49)=2.048, p<0.05. Pretest mean attitude score (22.7 2.58) was greater than post-test (12.46 2.82), t(49)=2.048, p<0.05.

Conclusion: The study's findings have important implications for the nursing profession. Such as in nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing research.

Keywords: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Educational module, Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma, ATLS method

 

INTRODUCTION- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving procedure used in emergencies when a person is experiencing abnormal breathing or has had a cardiac arrest ^[1]. This entails the simultaneous use of thoracic compressions and rescue ventilation (mouth-to-mouth). The main objective of CPR is to maintain blood flow and guarantee oxygen supply to the body until expert medical assistance is available. Although some remaining oxygen could still be in the bloodstream, efficient CPR ensures correct circulation. Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) uses ultrasound to identify hemoperitoneum and hemopericardium in trauma patients. Since 2007, it has been employed as an auxiliary in primary surveys and the ATLS method. Ultrasonography is not the gold standard for diagnosing intra-abdominal damage, but its portability, convenience, and radiation-free repeatability have made it popular ^[2-4]. Emergency departments commonly do FAST for trauma victims.

Basic first aid and CPR proficiency are essential since they can determine whether someone lives or dies. Although CPR does not ensure life, it substantially enhances the likelihood of recovery by providing a crucial period of opportunity. In the absence of this intervention, the brain and other organs may experience hypoxia within a matter of minutes ^[4].

CPR closes the crucial time interval between an emergency and the arrival of skilled medical help. It serves as a transient life-sustaining device, providing crucial time for the person until sophisticated medical treatment can be provided. The need for prompt and precise CPR cannot be emphasized enough, as each passing second without enough blood flow decreases the probability of a favourable result ^[5].

CPR is an essential skill that enables anyone to act as first responders in emergencies. Proficiency in doing efficient chest compressions and rescue breathing is crucial for maintaining life until experienced medical experts arrive. This potent tool offers optimism and a viable opportunity to those with life-endangering circumstances. Hence, promoting awareness and instruction on CPR is helpful and a concrete method of effecting change in an emergency ^[5-7].

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source of Data- The present study collected data from college students.

 

Data collection tool- The sample of this study consisted of 50 undergraduate students studying at Government First Year College, Bagalkot.

 

Sample and number of samples- This sample comprises the research population's classes. The sample size of this study is Bagalkot Degree College students (n=50).

 

Procedure for data collection- The research was conducted at Science PU College, Bagalkot, between 7 February 2023 and 14 February 2023. This study consists of undergraduate students from various pre-university colleges of Bagalkot University. Fifty students were assigned to use or self-administer a survey consisting of knowledge and attitude questions. The inclusion criteria were selected using a simple randomization technique.

 

Data collection tools- A semi-structured survey was used to collect data in this study.

 

Research approach- This study is an experimental study that aims to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of university students by asking direct questions to a sample group. While this study aimed to identify the CPR training module's effectiveness in terms of college students' knowledge and behaviour in Bagalkot, an experiment was designed.

Research Design- The plans created by the researcher to find answers to research questions or test research findings are called research design. The design was a research study evaluating data on college students' knowledge and attitudes about CPR. The research design represents the population, sample size, variables, data collection tools and methods, and data analysis plans.

 

Variables- Dependent variable- Evaluation of the knowledge of mothers with children under five years of age regarding vitamin A deficiency.

 

Independent variable- University students' knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

 

Demographic variables- Sociodemographic variables include the sociodemographic characteristics of the students. Age and gender, type of religion of the family, education level of the father, education level of the mother, monthly income of the family, and place of residence, etc.

 

Statistical Analysis- Data analysis is the organization and synthesis of research data and the use of collected data to test research hypotheses. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Population data was analyzed using frequency and percentage distribution. Use mean and standard deviation to evaluate college students' scores. The chi-square test is used to find the relationship between college students' knowledge and their choices, which differ from the population's.

 

Ethical Approval- An ethical clearance was obtained and enclosed from the ethical committee of B.V.V.S Sajjalashree Institute of Nursing Sciences, Bagalkot.

 

RESULTS- Socio-demographic variables of students of degree college- This study shows that in comparing the total mean percentage of knowledge scores at the pre-test and post-test, the mean knowledge of male college girls increased by 48.8% points after the end of the study module. The mean post-test score for knowledge of breast cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 17.16 SD 1.60, accounting for 85.5% of the total score. The estimated mean knowledge is 7.44, SD 1.97, corresponding to 37.2% of the total score. The knowledge score for the effectiveness of the training model in this area is 9.72, SD 0.3, accounting for 48.8% of the total score. Therefore, this shows that the education model effectively improves university students' knowledge (Table 1).

 

Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of sociodemographic variables

 

Table 2 shows the pre-and post-test results measuring the degree of students' cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge. The knowledge area is evaluated on a scale from 1 20. The average score of the students in the Pre-Test was 7.44 1.97, which is 37.2% of the maximum score. However, after the test, the average score rose to 17.16 1.60, 85.5% of the maximum score. The intervention was successful with a rate of 9.72 0.3 (48.8%), which is determined by comparing the scores after the test with those before the test. This shows that degree students' CPR knowledge significantly improved after the intervention.

 

Table 2: Assess the knowledge of Degree students about cardiopulmonary resuscitation

 

Educational module on an attitude of cardiopulmonary resuscitation- The overall findings show that the post-test Attitude score (12.46 2.82), which was 41.53% of the total score, was more when compared to the pre-test attitude score (22.7 2.58), which was 38.6% of the total score. The effectiveness of the educational module in this area was the mean attitude score was 0.88 with SD 0.24, which was 2.93% of the total score. Hence, it indicates that the educational module effectively enhanced college students' knowledge (Table 3).

 

Table 3: Effectiveness of educational module on attitude of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

 

Table 4 shows how socio-demographic characteristics affect students' knowledge. The chi-square test assessed associations. Age (p=0.99), gender (p=0.79), type of family (p=0.68), religion (p=0.307), parents' education (p=0.88 for father, p=0.862 for mother), monthly family income (p=0.66), and residential region (p=0.67) had no statistically significant relationships. No significant correlation was found between knowledge and whether students got CPR education (p=0.462) or its source (p=0.170). This suggests that socio-demographic characteristics did not substantially affect students' CPR knowledge.

 

Table 4: Association between students' knowledge with their selected socio-demographic variables

*All the values are statistically non-significant.

DISCUSSION- This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the CPR training module in terms of the knowledge and attitude of college students of the selected school in Bagalkot ^[7-9]. The results of this study were followed and supported by a study by Gurung et al. ^[10]. Nurse education affects the performance and benefits of CPR, so physicians need to be trained in CPR knowledge. Improve education. The survey consists of three sections covering cardiology knowledge: The first section is a general question to understand the importance of cardiology in clinical practice; the second part contains the main purpose and real effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The previous study found that the panel data regression analysis reveals that the corrected R-squared value indicates a coefficient of determination of 19.32%. The coefficient of determination achieved with the random effect model is deemed satisfactory.

Furthermore, the test results indicated a satisfactory Durbin-Watson statistic score of 1.90. The panel data regression analysis using the random effect model reveals the distinct impact of the cross-sectional (province) data on the constants of the research model. The Likelihood Ratio Test determines whether the model was examined using the fixed effect or pooled least squares approach. The F-stat test technique, which involves a hypothesis, is used to conduct this test ^[11].

Descriptive statistics and multiple response analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 20. Findings indicate that students understand the importance of CPR in healthcare and that their knowledge is intertwined with their teaching and performance. The F test determines whether the independent factors, individually or collectively, significantly impact the dependent variable ^[12-14]. To do this test, one might compare the probability value with a 5% or 1% significance level. If the probability shown is more than 5%, the model is rejected; if it is less than 5%, it is approved. The test findings obtained from the Fixed Effect Model indicate an F-statistic value of 20.04 and a probability value (F-statistic) of 0.00. Based on the analysis of probability values (F-statistics) below the threshold of α=0.05, it may be inferred that all independent variables collectively substantially impact the dependent variable. More than 50 years after closed chest CPR was introduced, cardiac arrest outcomes are still low ^[15]. Over the last 20 years, better knowledge of heart brain lung connections have led to new resuscitation procedures and technology that enhance cardiac arrest outcomes. This article emphasizes CPR quality, current intrathoracic pressure regulation methods to promote cerebral and systemic perfusion, and continuing research to reduce reperfusion damage during CPR. Cardiac arrest is the major cause of prehospital and in-hospital deaths ^[1]. For decades, scientists and medics have focused on cardiac arrest resuscitation ^[16]. Most patients are never revived ^[13-15].

According to published data, survival rates following cardiac arrest are low, with out-of-hospital nontraumatic cardiac arrest rates ranging from 1% to <20% and in-hospital rates <40%. Total 10% 50% have neurological dysfunction ^[17]. The physiologic concepts of CPR are poorly understood and contentious ^[18]. Some say that present cardiac arrest techniques are terminally faulty, resulting in a survival rate of 7% for out-of-hospital and <30% for in-hospital cardiac arrest nationally over 50 years ^[17]. Primary or ischemia-induced arrhythmia, pulmonary emboli, haemorrhage, trauma, and medication/drug overdose are the top causes of cardiac arrest and need urgent cardio cerebral circulation ^[18]. Blood flow and aortic pressure are essential to resuscitation. Reduce cardiac arrest morbidity and mortality by understanding the complicated physiology of cardiocerebral perfusion during CPR. Vital organ flow improvement is necessary but frequently inadequate to save lives following cardiac arrest.

The study was conducted by Demirtas et al. ^[5]; the data was obtained using the "CPR Information Survey" and the good paper data was obtained using the "Meeting Session Paper". It was written in four group meetings with six participants each. The results of this study are that the students' estimated mean CPR knowledge score before simulation-based CPR training was 5.66 1.97 out of 10.0. Posttest CPR knowledge score (8.38 1.30) increased significantly (p<0.001) after stimulation. Additionally, the mean of posttest CPR scores was higher than the pretest CPR proficiency scores (p<0.001). The study concluded that simulation-based CPR training improved students' knowledge and skill levels.

Additionally, satisfaction and self-confidence were higher after the simulation training ^[19]. To represent the coefficient of determination, we use the symbol R2. The coefficient in question serves as an indicator of the validity of the computed regression model. In simpler terms, the value quantifies the proximity of the calculated regression line to the real data. Nevertheless, several studies advocate for using the Adjusted R2 value due to its ability to accurately reflect changes in the model when an independent variable is included, unlike the R2 value. The test results obtained from the Random Effect Model provide an adjusted R2 value of 0.193299, which corresponds to 19.33% ^[20].

 

CONCLUSIONS- In conclusion, through an effective educational module, the study demonstrates a significant improvement in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge and attitude among degree college students. The intervention increased the mean knowledge score by 48.8%, highlighting its success in enhancing CPR awareness. Similarly, the post-test attitude score showed a substantial improvement of 2.93%. Sociodemographic factors did not significantly influence CPR knowledge, emphasizing the universality of the educational impact. The research gap lies in understanding the long-term retention of CPR knowledge and attitude among degree college students. Additionally, investigating the impact of diverse teaching methods and exploring potential barriers to CPR education uptake would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of effective life-support training in educational settings. The major cause of mortality is heart disease.

Thus, training young people in CPR will increase their understanding and avoid additional problems, and his study can discuss new findings on CPR-related cardiac and brain blood flow. This will lower future heart disease risk due to a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and smoking; older individuals have cardiac difficulties.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS- We thank the anonymous referees for their constructive comments. There are thousands of words in my heart to express the gratitude for your continued support.

 

CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS

Research concept- Prof Jayashri G Itti, Ms Deepika Dasar.

Research design- Ms Deepika Dasar

Supervision- Ms Deepika Dasar

Materials- All researchers

Data collection- All researchers

Data analysis and interpretation- All researchers

Literature search- Prof Jayashri G Itti

Writing article- All researchers

Critical review-Ms Deepika Dasar

Article editing-Ms Deepika Dasar

Final approval- Prof Jayashree G Itti

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