INTRODUCTION- In many countries, water scarcity is becoming a growing obstacle not only for family care but also for economic activity in general. The upstream water makes the downstream river so short that the industry is forced to close seasonally. In the Indonesian regional capital Surabaya, this has become routine. As industry, irrigation and people expand, so does the economic and environmental cost of investing in additional water resources. Access to drinking water is still an urgent human need in many countries. Aquatic biodiversity is threatened primarily by human abuse and mismanagement of both living resources and the ecosystems that support them. Most of the reservoirs are getting polluted due to domestic waste, sewage, industrial and agricultural effluents ^[1]. Part of the problem is pollution. The diseases that are largely defeated by installing suitable water and sewage systems cause enormous human suffering. The problem is exacerbated in some places by increasing water shortages, making it difficult to meet growing demand. Human waste poses a significant health risk to the many people who are forced to drink and wash in the untreated water of rivers and ponds. UNEP's Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) data show the enormous problem of such contamination with poor and deteriorated surface water quality in many countries ^[2]. In countries that can afford to treat all water supplies, human wastewater pollution is lower, and even in some high-income countries, water quality has continued to deteriorate. The decomposition of pollutants reduces the amount of dissolved O₂ in the water and reduces the river's ability to support aquatic life. Loss of oxygen does not directly jeopardize health but can have an economic impact on fishing. Human wastewater and agro-industrial wastewater are the leading causes of this problem ^[3].

Another factor is the release of nutrients from agricultural areas with the intensive use of fertilizers. Although insufficient amounts of dissolved oxygen tended to affect shorter lengths or rivers than faecal contamination, a sample from GEMS monitoring agencies in the mid-1980s found that 12% had sufficient dissolved oxygen content ^[4], low to accommodate fish stocks. Endangering the problem was worse when rivers flowed through large cities or industrial centres. The requirement of water in all lives, from micro-organisms to man, is a serious problem today because all water resources have reached a point of crisis due to unplanned urbanization and industrialization. Water quality assessment generally involves analysis of physicochemical and biological parameters and reflects on the abiotic and biotic status of the ecosystem ^[5]. In China, only five of the 15 river sections near significant cities have fed the fish. High-income countries have improved slightly in the past decade. Middle-income countries showed no change in the average, and low-income countries continued to deteriorate ^[6].

Different climatic conditions found in India: Summer from February to May, Monsoon from June to September and winter from October to January. In tropical countries, there may be a direct link between the duration of the sun and the temperature ^[7]. The present study was conducted to assess the water quality of the Sukhana Dam at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, which is essential for human use in this environment. Residents use the water for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and recreational purposes ^[6].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area- The Sukhana dam is situated near the village Garkheda in Aurangabad tahsil. It is built over the Sukhana River which passed through the Chikalthana suburb, known for Breweries and Pharmaceuticals’ industrial hub. It is 22 km away from the East side of Aurangabad city between 14⁰.48’36’’ North latitude, 75⁰.30'' East longitude. The dam was constructed in the year 1968 as a medium irrigation dam. Soil has been used as bunding materials, the bund height is 16.92 meters and the catchments area is about 21.34 Sq.km. The Top width of the bund is about 3.00 meters. The dam is surrounded by greyish laetrile and black soil.

Samples collection- Water samples were taken for physicochemical analysis at the Sukhana Dam in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, early in the morning between 8:00 AM and 11:00 AM in the first week of each month from July 2008 - June 2009. Samples were collected in an acid-washed five-litre plastic container at a depth of 5 to 10 cm below the water's surface. Separate samples were collected to dissolve the oxygen in 250 ml bottles, and the dissolved oxygen was fixed in the field by adding an alkaline iodide-azide solution immediately after collection. The samples were analyzed directly and returned to the laboratory.

The status of the Dam water quality has been determined seasonally, that is, summer, monsoon, and winter. Physicochemical properties such as Rainfall, Atmospheric and Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Free Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), and Calcium have been seasonally determined in monthly variation in Site A. and B. using standard methods ^[8,9].

Table 1: Determination of Physicochemical parameters

S. No.	Parameters	Tests
1	Rainfall	Data provided by Govt. of Maharashtra office Tq. Aurangabad, District Aurangabad.
2	Atmospheric Temperature	Recorded by using Mercury thermometer
3	Water Temperature	Recorded by using Mercury thermometer dipping in water up to 10 cm.
4	pH	Measured on spot collecting water samples by using portable water analysis kit.
5	Dissolved Oxygen	Measured on the field itself with the help of portable water analysis kit.
6	Free CO₂	Measured on the field itself with the help of portable water analysis kit.
7	Calcium	Measured in the laboratory by titrimetric method ^[8].

Statistical Analysis- The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) while significant means were separated with Duncan’s multiple range tests using SPSS 17.0 statistics.

RESULTS- The water parameters were examined and recorded in three seasons: Summer, Monsoon, and Winter. The table shows seasonal data on the physicochemical parameters of the Sukhana Dam in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. The present study deals with the physicochemical properties of the Sukhana Dam at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Rainfall- It has recorded identical seasonal patterns and is influenced by the southeast monsoon, coinciding with periods of relatively warmer temperatures. The amount of precipitation plays a vital role in regulating the various seasonal biological rhythms. The change in the concentration of the individual chemical components observed hereafter rainwater had entered the dams suggests their effects, affecting the quality of the plankton. Precipitation played an essential role in the annual controls ^[10,11]. The rainfall values were ranged from 0 to 190 mm. The average rainfall values were maximum in Monsoon 114±46.94 mm and minimum during summer 4±39.81 mm as recorded (Table 1). In Sukhana Dam, it was positively co-related with atmospheric temperature (Table 2).

Atmospheric and water temperature- Water temperature is one of the most important properties that decisively determine the trends and trends of quality changes. Temperature is an essential factor influencing the balance of ions and phases and the speed of the biochemical process, which are associated with changes in the concentration and content of organic and mineral substances. Temperature data are also used to calculate the degree of saturation of water with oxygen and other gases. The thermal contamination of the surrounding water significantly affects the aquatic biota and can reduce the water flora and the formation of algal blooms in the water. The atmospheric temperature values were ranged from 19ºC to 34ºC. The average atmospheric temperature values were maximum in summer 29.75±4.68ºC and minimum during winter 21±2ºC as recorded. The water temperature values were reached from 16 to 32 ºC. The average water temperature values were maximum in summer 27.25±4.49ºC and minimum during winter 19.25±2.31ºC as recorded (Table 2). In the Sukhana Dam, the atmospheric and water temperature was positively correlated to temperature, rainfall, and calcium, and while it was no negatively correlated (Table 3).

Table 2: Seasonal variations in Physico-chemical parameters of sukhana dam July 2008-June 2009

Parameters	Rainfall (MM)	Atmospheric Temp. (⁰C)	Water Temp. (⁰C)	pH	DO (mg/l)	CO₂ (mg/l)	Calcium (mg/l)
Monsoon	114±46.94	25.5±1.60	23.75±0.88	8.78±0.45	9.62±1.05	7.1±0.65	29.01±2.11
Winter	17.5±26.59	21±2	19.25±2.31	8.85±0.38	11.7±0.40	6.3±1.86	19.53±1.94
Summer	4±39.81	29.75±4.68	27.25±4.49	8.02±0.26	10.1±0.62	10.15±0.68	23.37±4.34
Range	0-190	19-34	16-32	7.6-9.3	8.4-12.2	4.2-11.1	17.3-31.3

Table 3: Correlation coefficient of the physicochemical variables of sukhana dam during July 2008-June 2009

	At. temp	Ca²	CO₂	DO	pH	Wt. temp	Rain fall
At. temp	1	0.718**	0.082	-0.385	-0.309	0.872**	0.622*
Ca²		1	0.035	-0.540	-0.179	0.581*	0.206
CO₂			1	0.648	-0.774**	-0.010	0.051
Do				1	-0.711*	-0.203	-0.447
pH					1	-0.222	0.418
Wt. temp						1	0.552
Rainfall							1

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level

pH- The normal pH range for surface water systems is between 6.5 and 8.5 and for groundwater systems between 6 and 8.5. The pH of the water is controlled by the equilibrium that is maintained by the compounds dissolved in the order In natural waters, pH is primarily a function of the carbonate system, which consists of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonate ^[12]. The pH of natural water is generally between 4.0 and 8.5. Its value is primarily determined by the balance of carbon dioxide, bicarbonates and carbonates. It can be influenced by the change in human substances in the carbonate household due to the bioactivity of plants and in some cases, by hydrolyzable salts. The pH of water has a significant impact on the toxicity of substances that are usually present in water, especially chemicals that ionize under the influence of pH ^[13]. The pH values were ranged from 7.6 to 9.3. The average pH values were maximum in winter 8.85±0.38 and minimum during summer 8.02±0.26 as recorded (Table 1). In the Sukhana Dam, pH was no positively correlated, and negatively correlated with free carbon dioxide, and dissolved oxygen (Table 2).

Dissolved oxygen (DO)- Dissolved oxygen is a critical parameter that reflects the water quality and is therefore used to classify its variety, especially the water that absorbs the waste. Its consumption during the decomposition of organic substances reduces the concentration to zero and thus reflects the degree of biological contamination of the water. If the waters receive many organic pollutants, the oxygen content drops to zero and the aerobic organisms are destroyed. The study of oxygen content plays a vital role in assessing the habitat conditions of flora and fauna in a body of water. Their presence is essential to maintain higher forms of biological life in the water. The system's oxygen balance largely determines the effects of dirt discharge on a body of water. The dissolved oxygen values were ranged from 8.4 to 12.2 mg/l. The average dissolved oxygen values were maximum in winter 11.7±0.40 mg/l and minimum during summer 9.62±1.05 mg/l as recorded (Table 1). In Sukhana dam, the dissolved oxygen has no positive correlation and is negatively correlated with pH (Table 2).

Free carbon dioxide (CO₂)- Carbon dioxide makes up 0.03% of the atmosphere. It is present in the atmosphere due to biota breathing and industrial combustion, while plants consume it during photosynthesis. Carbonic acid sometimes arises from the dissolution of CO₂ in water and also through the decomposition process of organic waste. Surface water contains less than 10 mg/l carbon dioxide typically. CO₂ more water is less alkaline, while CO₂ less water is more alkaline ^[14]. The free carbon dioxide values were ranged from 4.2 to 11.1 mg/l. The average free carbon dioxide values were maximum in summer 10.15±0.68 mg/l and minimum during winter 6.3±1.86 mg/l as recorded (Table 1). Sukhana Dam showed no positive correlation and was negatively correlated with pH (Table 2).

Calcium- The calcium in the water supply leads to passage through or over the limestone, dolomite, gypsum and gypsum reservoir. A low concentration of Caco₃ leads to corrosion of metal pipes when bent or covered. Calcium is an important component of natural water and is released from stones and soil. Concentration up to 100 mg/l. Calcium can scale in pipes and boilers. Happiness has no negative physiological effects on human health. A person who drinks water with a certain amount of calcium is less likely to have heart problems or heart disease than a person who contains freshwater without calcium. Calcium values ranged from 17.3 to 31.3 mg/l. The mean calcium values during the monsoon were a maximum of 29.01 ± 2.11 mg/l, and in winter, at least 19.53 ± 1.94 mg/l, as indicated (Table 1). In the Sukhana dam, calcium was positively correlated with water temperature, and no negative correlations were observed (Table 2).

DISCUSSION- In this study, the maximum summer and pre-monsoon temperatures and the lowest winter temperatures at all sampling points indicate sharp seasonal fluctuations. The increase in the temperature of the surface waters of dams and lakes in each season is due to surface heating and less mixing of the water, which allows a uniform distribution of heat in the water column. The respiration of organisms depends on temperature; The respiratory rate can increase by 10% or more with a temperature increase of 10°C. Therefore, high temperature not only reduces the availability of oxygen but also increases the need for oxygen, which can cause a physiological load on the fish, phytoplankton and zooplankton ^[15,16]. Sharma et al. ^[17] recorded the range of atmospheric temperature 15°C to 32.°C in Ban Ganga Stream, Katra; Jammu and Kashmir state. Salve and Hiware ^[18] recorded the range of atmospheric temperature 25°C to 34°C in Wanparakalpa Reservoir, Parli V. Dist Beed. Jayabhaye et al. ^[19] recorded the water temperature ranged 22.5°C to 32.5°C in minor reservoir. Jawale et al. ^[20] recorded the water temperature range 23°C to 32°C in Second Terna Makani Reservoir, Osmanabad, Maharashtra. The pH of the water determines the solubility (mount that can be dissolved in water) and the bioavailability (the amount that can be used by aquatic life) of chemical components such as nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon) and heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium, etc.). pH can also determine if aquatic organisms can use it. The degree of solubility of heavy metals determines their toxicity. Metals tend to be more toxic at lower pH because they are more soluble. Reddy et al. ^[21] studied Pakhal Lake and was recorded the pH in the range 7.2 to 8.2. Narayana et al. ^[22] observed pH range 7.25 to 7.65 in Anjanapura Reservoir, Karnataka.The amount of oxygen that water can contain depends on the water's temperature, salinity, and pressure. Gas solubility increases with decreasing temperature and decreasing salinity: the partial pressure and the degree of oxygen saturation change with altitude. Gas solubility decreases with decreasing pressure. Therefore, the amount of oxygen absorbed in the water decreases with increasing height due to decreased relative pressure ^[23]. Ingole et al.^[24] observed DO range 3.0 mg/l to 10.3 mg/l in Majalgaon dam, Dist. Beed (M.S). Karadkhele et al. ^[25] observed DO range 3 mg/l to 5.9 mg/l in Nana Nani park, Latur, Maharashtra. Various workers have also demonstrated such variations for different water bodies. Thus higher levels of free carbon dioxide were primarily due to the decomposition of organic waste. The increase in winter calcium concentration is due to the low water temperature, which increases the solubility of calcium in water et al. ^[26]. The increase during the monsoon could be due to the addition of river basins due to the steady flow of rains ^[27] and the rapid oxidation of organic matter ^[28]. The decrease was observed in both seasons during the summer season, probably due to calcium absorption by plankton for its growth ^[29]. Barbieri et al. ^[30] reported that calcium showed a significant positive co-relation of calcium with total hardness, TDS and Magnesium. These studies support our findings.

CONCLUSIONS- During the present investigation, the range observed parameters were below the permissible limits given by ISI, The water of the present reservoir is useful for irrigation as well as fish culture. The water parameters indicate that the reservoir is rich in nutrients. It can be concluded that Physico-chemical parameters are important to determine the quality of the aquatic environment. In the present study, it performs that the significant positive and negative correlation present in parameters. We can conclude that all the parameters are more or less correlated with each other. Correlation coefficients are used to measure the strength of the association between parameters.

The present work will provide future strategies to improve water quality; there should be continuous monitoring of pollution levels to maintain the favourable conditions of the dam. The continuous biomonitoring of the dam is needed as it affects the flora and fauna of the Sukhana Dam in Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- The authors are thankful to the Department of Zoology, Sambhajirao Kendre Mahavidyalaya, Jalkot Dist. Latur, (M.S.) India for providing laboratory and library facilities.

CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS

Research concept- Dr. S. E. Shinde

Research design- Dr. S. E. Shinde

Supervision- Dr. S. E. Shinde

Materials- Dr. Ashok Sayasrao Munde

Data collection- Dr. Ashok Sayasrao Munde

Data analysis and Interpretation- Dr. Ashok Sayasrao Munde

Literature search- Dr. P. R. More

Writing article- Dr. Ashok Sayasrao Munde

Critical review-- Dr. P. R. More

Article editing- Dr. S. E. Shinde

Final approval- Dr. S. E. Shinde

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