| Research Article (Open Access) |
ABSTRACT-
The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-Words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
INTRODUCTION-
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that are naturally
found in plants. They are responsible for the colour and
organoleptic properties of the plant [1]. It is also referred to
as those chemicals that may have biological significance
but are not established as an essentials nutrient in plant [2].
Phytochemicals could be available as dietary supplements,
but the potential health benefits of phytochemicals are
derived from consumption of the whole plant [3].
Several phytochemicals have a wide range of activities,
which helps to give immunity against long term disease.
The phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoides, tannins,
saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols,
protein and amino acid, diterpens etc. are known to show
medicinal activity as well as exhibit physiological activity
[4]. Medicinal Plant is of great importance of the health of
individual and communities.
The medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical active
substances that produce define physiological action on the
human body. The most important of these chemically active
(bioactive) constituents of plant are alkaloids, tannin,
flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Many of these
indigenous medicinal plants are also used for medicinal
purposes [5]. During the course of study ten medicinal plants
were selected for their qualitative analysis. The selection
was made on the basis of greater ICF value and FL% value.
MATERIALS AND METHODS-
Plant collection and identification-
Fresh leaves of ten medicinal plants of Bauhinia variegata
Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br.
(Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var.
(Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae),
Moringa oleifera Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum
Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth.
(Mimosaceae), Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae),
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th.
(Menispermaceae) were collected from Shivpuri district
(M.P.), India. They were identified in Taxonomy Division,
Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Allahabad and herbarium
deposited in Department of Botany Govt. S.M.S. Model
Science College, Gwalior, India. The qualitative analysis of ten medicinal plants was conducted in Eco lab city center,
Gwalior.
The fresh mature leaves of the selected plants were washed
thoroughly 2-3 times with running tap water. The plant
materials were kept in until all the water content evaporated
and the plant became well dried for grinding. After drying
the plant material were grounded using with mechanical
blender to get fine powder and the powder is stored in air
tight plastic container with proper labeling for future use.
Extraction Technique-
It involves the separation of medicinally active portion of
plant tissues from inactive or inert compounds by using
selective solvent in standard extraction procedure. The
purposes of standard extraction procedurefor crude drugs
are to attain the therapeutic portion and eliminate the inert
material by treatment with a selective solvent known as
menstrum [6].
METHOD OF PLANT EXTRACTION-
Solvent extraction-
Crude plants extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction
method [7]. About 20 grams of powdered plant material was
uniformly packed into a thimble and extracted with 250 ml.
solvents separately. Solvent used was methanol. The
process of extraction continues for 24 hours or till the
solvent in siphon tube of an extractor become colourless.
After that the extract was taken in a beaker and kept on hot
plate and heated at 30–40°C. till all the solvent got
evaporated. Dried extract was kept in refrigerator at 4°C.
for their future use in phytochemical analysis.
Methods of Qualitative phytochemical analysis-
The leaf extracts were tested for the presence of bioactive
compounds by using following standard methods [8].
1. Test for Alkaloid:
The plant extract is mixed in 1%
v/v HCL, warmed and filtered. Now this filtered is used
for following test.
a. Mayer’s Test:
The filtrate is treated with Mayer’s
reagent (Mercuric chloride + Potassium iodide in
water).Formation of a yellow coloured precipitate
indicates the presence of alkaloids
b. Hager’s Test:
The filtrate is treated with Hager’s
reagent (saturated picric acid solution). Formation of
yellow coloured precipitate indicates the presence of
alkaloids.
2. Test for Carbohydrates:
The plant extract is
dissolved in 5ml distilled water and filtered. The filtrates
were used to test for the presence of carbohydrates.
a. Molisch’s Test:
Filtrate is treated with two drops of
alcoholic ?- naphthol solution in a test tube. Carefully,
incline tubes and pour drop wise conc. Sulphuric acid
using a dropper, along the sides of test tube. Formation
of violet colour at the junction or interface of two
liquids indicates the presences of carbohydrates.
b. Benedict’s test:
Filtrate is treated with Benedict’s
reagent (Sodium carbonate + sodium citrate and copper
sulphate solution), then the mixture was heated on a
boiling water bath for 5 minutes and cooled. Orange red
precipitate indicates the presence of carbohydrates.
3. Test for Glycosides:
Glycosides are of three types of
saponin, cardiac glycosides and anthraquionone
glycosides.
a. Legal’s Test for Cardiac glycosides:
The plant
extract is treated with dil. HCl, this solution treated with
sodium nitroprusside in pyridine and sodium
hydroxide. Formation of pink to blood red colour
indicates the presence of cardiac glycosides.
b. Froth Test for Saponin glycosides:
The plant
extract is diluted with distilled water and this was
shaken in graduated cylinder for 15 minutes. Formation
of 1 cm. layer of Foam indicates the presence of
saponins.
c. Borntragers Test for Anthraquinone glycosides:
The plant extract is treated with Ferric chloride solution
and immersed in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. The
mixture was cooled and treated with benzene. The
benzene layer was separated and added with 2ml
ammonia solution. Formation of rose pink colour in the
ammonical layer indicates the presence of
anthraquinone glycosides.
4. Test for Phytosterols:
Salkowski’s Test:
The plant extract was mixed with
chloroform and filtered. The filtrateis treated with 5-6
drops of conc. Sulphuric acid carefully and shaken
gently, allowed to stand. A golden yellow colour
indicates the presence of triterpens (phytosterol).
5. Test for Flavonoids:
Alkaline Reagent Test:
The plant extractis treated
with 2-3 drops of sodium hydroxide solution. Formation
of intense yellow colour, which becomes colourless on
addition of few drops of sulphuric acid which indicates
the presence of flavonoids.
6. Test for Protein and Amino Acid
a. Xanthoproteic Test:
The plant extract is
treated with a few drops of conc. Nitric acid. Formation
of yellow colour indicates the presence of proteins.
b. Ninhydrin Test:
The plant extract is treated with
0.25% v/v ninhydrin reagent and boiled for a few
minutes. Formation of blue colour indicates the
presence of amino acids.
7. Test for Diterpenes:
Copper Acetate Test:
The plant extract is dissolved
in distilled water and treated with copper acetate
solution. Formation of emerald green colour indicates
the presence of diterpenes.
8. Test for Phenols and Tannin:
The powdered sample of leaves is boiled in 20ml of distilled water in a test tube and then filtered. The 3-4 drops of
0.1% v/v Ferric chloride is added to the filtered sample and observed brownish green or blue colouration, it
indicates the presences of phenols or tannins.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-
From the qualitative analysis of leaves of selected ten medicinal plants, the presence or absence of carbohydrates,
proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, phytosterol and diterpenes was investigated. The results of this study
are shown in the following Table 1.
Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanolicleaf extract of some selected plant species
| S.No | Name of plants | Alkaloids | Carbohydrates | Phytosterols | Gl y c o s i d e s | Phenols | Flavonoids | P r o t e i n | Diterpenes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayer | Hager | Molisch | Benedict | Sap. | Card. | A.Q. | Xa. | Nin. | ||||||
| 1 | Bauhinia variegataLinn. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 2 | Calotropis procera(Ait) R.Br. | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 3 | Catharanthus roseus(Linn.) Don. | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 4 | Lantana camara Linn. Var. | - | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
| 5 | Mangifera indica Linn. | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 6 | Moringa oleifera Lamk. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
| 7 | Ocimum sanctum Linn. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 8 | Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + |
| 9 | Solanum nigrum Linn. | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 10 | Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Mier. ex. Hook f. & Th. | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + |
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| How to cite this article: Yadav R, Khare RK, Singhal A: Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Shivpuri District (M.P.). Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 2017; 3(1): 844-847. DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.16 Source of Financial Support: Nil, Conflict of interest: Nil |