ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-Words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
INTRODUCTION-
More than 80 years of corrective actions that lead to a
relative increase crop yield in arid environments, it passes
though the basic research, the results are significant in
understanding the molecular and physiological reactions of
plants to provide water shortages but it is there is a huge
gap between performance and stress conditions. To
minimize the performance gap and increase its stability
under various conditions of stress, food security is of
strategic importance [1]. Stresses non-living as the main
source (71%) reduction performance are the total potential
yield loss by stress non-living, 17 percent of the land, 20%
salt, 40% high temperature (heat), 15% is the low
temperature and 8% for other factors [2]. Wheat germination and emergence stage and late season
drought stress faced by the numbers so that in addition to
drought tolerance in germination and emergence stage is
high-performance of the utmost importance [3].
Reports indicate that genotypes during germination that can
show an appropriate response to drought stress, better
growth at seedling stage and have produced a stronger root
system [4]. Twenty genotypes of wheat for drought
tolerance in field conditions and laboratory reported that
drought tolerant genotypes of drought tolerance in field
conditions were the in vitro germination stage [5]. In a
study related parameters such as length of coleoptile plant
growth, root length, and shoot length as outstanding traits
for tolerance to drought were [6].
Seed germination and strong stamina is important for the
initial deployment. Seedling growth is limited by lack of
moisture in dry areas in the region and the establishment of
seedlings greatly speed processing time and performance
[7]. Has a different screening procedures at this stage to
improve drought resistance is provided. A number of
efficient methods for this purpose include density and root,
root to shoot ratio, early plant vigor, leaf relative water
content, membrane stability and germination under stress
conditions [8].
In studies of the response of plants to drought stress as the
creation and maintenance of water potential in the soil, so it is difficult to simulate osmotic stress using different
materials to create the desired osmotic potential is very
popular and one of the most important methods to study the
effects of drought is seen on germination [9]. The
classification of wheat varieties with different levels of
resistance to drought by mannitol germination stage, it is
reported that drought stress decreased root and shoot
length, but the root to shoot ratio increased dramatically
increases stiffness ratio root to shoot for drought tolerance
trait is a good resolution [10]. The effect of drought on
wheat, germination vigor compared to the shoot,
germination and root length sensitive to drought stress
introduced trait [11]. In another study it was found that a
high proportion of root length to shoot is showing more
tolerance, but due to the different reaction of potential traits
of different genotypes seem to classification and screening
genotypes for drought tolerance should use multiple-choice
criteria and the use of an adjective in the presence or
absence of tolerance avoided [10]. Due to the importance
germination and early plant establishment objective of this
study was to examine the components of germination
response to different levels of water stress (PEG) as the
bread wheat genotypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS-
This research was conducted in Agriculture and Natural
Resources Research and Education Center of Tehran
Province factorial experiment in a randomized complete
block design with three replications. The treatments were
40 breads wheat. To evaluate resistance to drought during
seed germination and establishment of different levels of
osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000 was used.
Different concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 were
prepared according to [12].
QS = (1018 × 10-2) C- (1018 × 10-4) C2 + (2067 × 10-4)
CT + (8039 × 10-7) C2T
QS = osmotic potential in terms of polyethylene glycol
concentration in grams per liter load C- and T the
temperature in degrees C distilled water were used to create
zero load.
Total petri-dish and seedbed (What man paper) and
medium ready to transfer the containers were autoclaved 25
seed numbers randomly selected for each petri dish and
anti-surface disinfection using sodium hypochlorite seeds
5/2 the percentage was 15 minutes. Seeds after washing
three times with distilled water, separate the layers were
dry sterile filter paper and then the amount of the solution
was added to each of them. Registration germination for
certain hours of the day and the second day was started and
continued until the eighth day. Root out the size of two mm
or more was considered as a measure of germination. At the
end of the experiment (day eight) 10 seedlings randomly
selected from within each Petri root length, shoot
undertaken pursuant cm were measured with a ruler.
Seedling at 60° C for 48 hours and then put it in dry weight was measured with sensitive scales. The following formula
was used to calculate the percent germination [13].
PG= NI/N×100
In this equation, germination, NI, the number of germinated
seeds until the day I and N is the total number of seeds. The
following equation was used to calculate the germination
rate:
RS= ∑ni-1 SI/Di
In this equation, RS, germination rate, SI number of germinated
seeds per day and D, the number of days elapsed
since the start of the experiment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experimental results Table 1 shows that between genotypes
and traits of drought stress during the shoot, root length,
length of coleoptile and root to shoot ratio, speed and
germination, root dry weight and fresh weight were signifi
cant differences in the level 1 percent there were. The
results showed that the ratio of root to shoot, other traits in
water levels was significant, but the interaction was not
significant cultivar × drought.
Germination-
The mean percentage of germination Table 2 show that
increasing water stress decreased germination percentage
and average percent germination under normal conditions
in drought stress conditions (-3 and- 6 bar) was more. The
data Table 2 genotypes 38 and 5 percent, with an average of
5.92 and 3.27 were the highest and lowest percentage of
germination. Reduction in germination parameters can be
slow initial uptake of water. Drought by limiting absorption
of water by the seeds, the impact on the movement of seed
swapping and direct impact on protein structure affects
fetal germ [8]. Reduce the percentage of germination of
wheat under drought stress sensitivity of plants to drought
stress, which represents about by [3,9] have been reported.
Germination rate-
By reducing the osmotic potential of up to 6 times the
speed of germination rate fell 17.1 percent, according to
data Table 2 with an average of 5.37 and 1.58 genotypes 39
and 5 days, respectively, the highest and the speed of
germination. The important characteristics of crop plants
capable of responding to changes in moisture through their
roots to the rapid growth of available moisture and
germination speed fast that the lines due to the rapid
germination rate but lines were incurred as a result of
favorable or the results [10,14] and germination is slow
because stress increases the osmotic pressure of the
environment in which case the seed or plant root water
uptake by seed or root cause of a problem. Reduce the
percentage and rate of germination with increased drought
in many plants, especially cereals have been reported. Slow germination because of reduced water potential and reduced availability of seeds linked to water as well as access to
water by reducing the osmotic potential seed (soluble) and matric (suction) decreases. The water potential environment
has a direct impact on the rate of water absorption and germination. The water potential environment has a direct impact
on the rate of water absorption and germination [3,9].
Table 1. Analysis of variance for 40 genotypes of wheat and 3 levels of polyethylene glycol in laboratory conditions
| SOV |
DF |
Plumule length |
Coleoptile length cm |
Root length cm |
Root length/shoot |
Germination (rat) |
Germination percentage |
Root fresh weight (g) |
Root dry weight (g) |
| Repetition |
2 |
516.39** |
129.14** |
368.17** |
68.42** |
10.34** |
605.68** |
1.027** |
0.60** |
| Genotypes |
39 |
9.37** |
5.66** |
8.42** |
3.98** |
2.59** |
26.40** |
.038** |
0.021** |
| Drought stress
|
2 |
13.2** |
4.31** |
17.05** |
1.76ns |
3.93** |
72.56** |
0.05** |
0.01* |
| Stress |
78. |
2.29ns |
1.11ns |
1.99ns |
1.12ns |
0.934ns |
18.00ns |
0.009** |
0.003 |
| Genotypes |
|
| Error |
238 |
2.044 |
1.21 |
2.91 |
1.38 |
0.7ns |
2078 |
0.009 |
0.006 |
| Cv % |
|
9.27 |
10.12 |
6.75 |
8.34 |
5.28 |
12.4 |
11.84 |
8.46 |
Ns,*and**: Non significant and significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively
Length of root and shoot length-
With increasing stress from zero distilled water (6 times),
respectively, to the root and shoot length 4.15 percent and
1.16 percent and the rate of decline due to increasing stress
during the shoot far more than the length of root Table 2.
So the root because it is less affected by stress, can be as
reliable in breeding programs and the data Table 2
genotypes 39 and 5 cm with an average of 7.06 and 2.60
respectively were the highest and lowest root length, as
well as lines 39 and 5 with an average of 6.37 and 2 cm
shoot length were the highest and lowest values. So the
numbers were the highest number of seminal roots during
germination, seed yield, and it became clear that extensive
root system associated with drought tolerance. Root
development is influenced by soil water potential. Drought
stress decreased with increasing root growth rate of root
growth less than the growth of the aerial parts of the plant
affected so that the whole shoot to root ratio decreased
farmer [5]. Reduction in longitudinal growth of shoot and
root length growth of the primary mechanisms in the face
of stress that can genotypes that have more root growth on
the supply of water to plants under drought stress
conditions affect activity and protect the plant from the
damaging effects of stress [7].With increasing severity of
drought to (9 times), because most of the components of
germination could react, so stress levels (9 times) was
removed from the test results.
Coleoptile length-
With increasing severity of drought stress from zero times
(6 times) was reduced during coleoptile Table (3).
Genotypes 22 and 5 cm with an average of 4.40 and 1.93
respectively the highest and lowest coleoptile length. The
results show that by increasing the coleoptile length, stem
length on grain yield effective, so the root sheath and can
be considered one of the characteristics of selectivity in dry
areas. Varieties that have long leaf heath can be cultivated
in greater depth and in greater depth and better use of water
storage (4 and 3). It is reported seedling stage process is
sensitive to drought stress. Studies show that having a long
coleoptile situation improves seedling establishment under
drought stress is a major factor in the eventual production
plant [7].
Table 2. Comparison of different characteristicsto the surfaces of polyethyleneglycolin laboratory conditions
| MS |
|
Treatments |
Plumule length |
Coleoptile length cm |
Root length cm |
Root length/shoot |
Germination (rat) |
Germination percentage |
Root fresh weight (g) |
Root dry weight (g) |
| (PEG) |
(0) |
a3.84 |
a2.34 |
b3.85 |
a2.91 |
a4.126 |
a79.9 |
a0.184 |
a0.120 |
| (-3 bar) |
ab3.5 |
ab2.14 |
a4.29 |
a2. 8 |
ab3.905 |
b61.8 |
a0.7167 |
ab0.112 |
| (-6 bar) |
b3.20 |
b1.97 |
b3.1 |
a2.67 |
b3.76 |
b66.2 |
b0.141 |
b0.09 |
Means followed by similar lettr are not significantly different at probability level
Table 3. Comparison of different characteristic for 40 genotypes bread wheat
| Genotypes |
Plumule length cm |
Coleoptile length cm |
Root length cm |
Root length/shoot |
Germination (rat) |
Germination percentage |
Root fresh weight (g) |
Root dry weight (g) |
| 1 |
2.57 e-h |
1.63 f-g |
3.86 d-g |
2.89 a-e |
4.06 b-f |
65.5 b-c |
0.09 i-j |
0.05 g-h |
| 2 |
3.15 e-h |
1.55 f-g |
4.48 d-c |
3.00 a-e |
3.68 d-f |
65.5 b-c |
0.2 e-g |
0.1 c-h |
| 3 |
3.33 e-h |
1.6 f-g |
3.87 d-g |
2.58 d-h |
3.97 b-f |
66.6 b-c |
0.13 e-j |
0.09 e-h |
| 4 |
3.31 e-h |
1.93 d-g |
3.53 d-c |
2.24 e-g |
4.33 a-d |
71.1 b-c |
0.13 e-j |
0.08 e-h |
| 5 |
2.00 e |
1.38 g |
2.06 g |
1.29 h |
1.85 g |
27.3 c |
0.13 e-j |
0.05 e-h |
| 6 |
3.46 e-h |
1.90 d-g |
5.15 d-g |
2.85 b-g |
3.95 b-f |
61.1 b-c |
0.17 d-i |
0.14 b-c |
| 7 |
3.33 e-h |
1.78 d-g |
4.55 d-g |
2.48 f-g |
4.04 b-f |
63.3 b-c |
0.05 j |
0.13 c-g |
| 8 |
2.85 e-h |
1.44 g |
3.81 d-g |
2.76 b-c |
4.57 a-b |
71.1 b-c |
0.15 e-j |
0.11 c-h |
| 9 |
3.8 c-g |
2.95 b-c |
4.71 d-g |
2.34 f-h |
3.69 d-f |
71.1 b-c |
0.21 c-f |
0.18 a-b |
| 10 |
4.03 d-c |
1.73 f-g |
4.68 d-e |
2.54f-h |
3.81 b-f |
46.3 b-c |
0.21 e-g |
0.14 b-e |
| 11 |
3.200 e-h |
2.44 d-g |
4.01 d-c |
2.84 b-g |
3.62 d-f |
65.5 b-c |
0.1 g-j |
0.05 g-h |
| 12 |
2.64 e-h |
1.78 d-g |
2.86 f-g |
2.6 d-h |
3.88 g-f |
65.5 b-c |
014 e-j |
0.10 c-h |
| 13 |
3.00 e-h |
2.33 d-g |
3.56 d-c |
3.51 a-e |
3.84 b-f |
65.5 b-c |
0.13 e-j |
0.14 e-h |
| 14 |
3.38 e-h |
1.79 d-g |
5.6 a-c |
3.52 a-e |
4.04 b-f |
71.1 b-c |
0.13 e-j |
0.12 c-h |
| 15 |
3.57e-h |
2.26 d- |
5.11 d-e |
3.51 a-c |
3.58 d-f |
74.3 b-c |
0.1 g-j |
0.09 d-h |
| 16 |
2.64 e-h |
1.73 e-g |
4.2 d-e |
3.31 a-e |
3.66 d-f |
71.1 b-c |
0.18 c-i |
0.05 f-h |
| 17 |
3.61 e-h |
1.94 d-g |
4.65 d-e |
2.69 b-c |
3.91 b-f |
55.5 b-c |
0.12 e-j |
0.1 c-h |
| 18 |
3.38 e-h |
2.42 d-g |
4.45 d-e |
3.03 b-c |
3.82 b-f |
64.4b-c |
0.1 e-j |
0.07 e-h |
| 19 |
2.43 e-h |
1.6 f-g |
3.36 f-g |
2.20 f-g |
3.82 b-f |
77.7 b-c |
0.17 c-g |
0.12 c-h |
| 20 |
3.10 e-h |
1.37 g |
4.34 d-e |
3.88 a-e |
3.77 b-f |
73.3 b-c |
0.17 c-g |
0.07 e-h |
| 21 |
4.40 b-c |
2.72 c-f |
4.16 d-e |
1.77 f-a |
3.76 d-f |
77.7 b-c |
0.16 d-s |
0.12 c-h |
| 22 |
5.37 a-b |
4.4 a |
5.33 d-e |
3.32 a-e |
4.79 a-b |
73.9 b |
0.21 c-f |
0.15 b-e |
| 23 |
3.81 c-g? |
2.05 d-g |
5.36 b-c |
3.08 a-e |
4.14 a-f |
63.3 b-c |
0.16 d-i |
0.1 c-h |
| 24 |
2.53 e-h |
1.75 f-g? |
3.76 d-c |
2.7 c-g? |
4.48 a-c |
78.8 b |
0.08 j |
0.05 g-h |
| 25 |
5.33 a-b |
3.66 a-c |
4.97 d-c |
3.04 a-e |
4.4 a-c |
82.1 b |
0.26 a-b |
0.13 d-h |
| 26 |
5.35 a-b |
3.89 a-b |
5.38 b-c |
3.06 a-e |
4.45 a-c |
72.7 b-c |
0.25 b-d |
0.19 a-c |
| 27 |
2.184 e-h |
3.02 b-c |
3.20 f-c |
1.77 f-g |
3.76 d-f |
65.5 b-c |
0.1 h-j |
0.07 e-h |
| 28 |
2.87 e-h |
2.32 d-g |
3.48 d-g |
1.88 f-g? |
4.3 a-c |
76.6 b-c |
0.15 e-j |
0.13 c-g |
| 29 |
2.48 e-h |
1.53 f-g |
4.26 d-e |
3.36 a-e |
4.28 a-c |
72.2 b-c |
0.14 e-j |
0.07 e-h |
| 30 |
4.1 c-f |
1.73 f-g |
4.00 d-g |
2.33 e-g |
3.65 d-f |
70.0 b-c |
0.16 d-i |
0.09 d-h |
| 31 |
3.22 e-h |
1.82 d-g |
4.06 d-g |
1.88 f-h |
3.28 e |
62.2 b-c |
00.12 e-j |
0.07 e-h |
| 32 |
3.44 e-g |
1.50 f-g |
4.8 d-g |
4.09 a-b |
3.53 d-f |
75.5 b-c |
00.11 f-j |
0.05 g-h |
| 33 |
3.57 e-h |
1.65 f-g? |
4.18 d-g |
2.75 b-g |
4.21 a-e |
75.5 b-c |
0.21 c-f |
0.14 b-f |
| 34 |
2.8 e-h |
1.81 d-g |
4.40 d-g |
2.38 f-g? |
4.14 a-e |
75.5 b-c |
0.21 c-f |
0.08 e-h |
| 35 |
3.90 c-f |
1.76 d-g |
4.10 d-e |
2.74 b-g |
4.12 a-e |
76.6 b-c |
0.13 e-g |
0.07 e-h |
| 36 |
4.41 b-c |
1.79 d-g |
5.03 d-e |
3.48 a-e |
3.34 e |
78.7 b-c |
0.18 c-h |
0.14 b-f |
| 37 |
3.47 e-h |
2.07 d-g |
4.71 d-e |
2.31 e-g |
3.47 e-f |
92.8 a |
0.17 d--i |
0.09 d-f |
| 38 |
5.17 a-b |
3.94 a-b |
7.21 a |
4.32 a |
4.5 a-c |
83.1 b |
0.33 a-b |
0 0.22 a-b |
| 39 |
6.37a |
3.84 a-b |
7.06 a-b |
3.95 a-c |
5.07 a |
89.4 b |
0.4 a |
0.26 a |
| 40 |
2.82 e-h |
1.68 f-g |
3.67 d-c |
2.34 f-h |
3.51 d-f |
66.6 b-c |
0.11 f-j |
0.04 h |
Means followed by similar letter are not significantly different at 5% probability level
Root length to shoot (R/S)-
With the increasing intensity of drought stress during root
to shoot ratio decreased but this decrease was not
statistically significant and the same genotype response to
different levels of stress that goes against the findings
[15]. High ratio of root to shoot one of the most effective
methods to adapt plants to drought. Root growth rate
significantly higher than the growth of the stem, thus
reducing transpiration and root water to get from the
volume of soil that is indicative of a good indicator of
drought tolerance. According to the response
characteristics of the different osmotic potential seems to
classification and screening genotypes for drought
tolerance should use multiple-choice criteria and use an
adjective in the presence or absence of drought tolerance
should be avoided. Another report [10] found that drought
stress reduced shoot dry weight claw root dry weight
compared to control, however, did not change.
Root dry weight-
With increasing severity of drought stress from zero to 6
bar control of root dry weight decreased. Genotypes 38 and
5 with an average of 0.26 and 0.05 respectively the highest
and lowest dry matter of root were hot. As noted by
reducing the osmotic potential significant reduction in root
dry weight was observed. Research conducted in the [13]
was a function in addition to the total weight of root, root
penetration depth depends. On the other hand it has been
reported that genotypes were significantly different in
terms of root dry weight due to water absorption by the root
in water potential is low. The genetic phenomena associated
with plant resistance [15].
CONCLUSION-
The results showed that the use of polyethylene
glycol (6000) significant decrease germination percentage,
germination, root and shoot dry weight and root dry weight
ratio is wheat. The highest percentage of these traits in zero
bar (control) and by decreasing water potential drought and
increased levels of these traits were reduced. Notably,
increasing length of roots in some wheat genotypes with
increased stress on the importance of root length of wheat
under drought conditions show.
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How to cite this article:
Mazandarani MT, abdi H: Study of the Tolerance to Drought Stress Levels of (PEG 6000) in Different Genotypes of
Wheat Germination Stage. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 2017; 3(1): 760-765. DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.2
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