IJLSSR,VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, SEPTEMBER 2016, PAGES: 559-565

    
Research Article (Open Access)

Some New Records of Black Mildew Fungi from Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra State, India

Mahendra R. Bhise1*, Chandrahas R. Patil2, Chandrakant C. Salunkhe3
1Department of Botany, L.K.D.K. Banmeru Science College, Lonar, Maharashtra, India
2Department of Botany, D. K. A. S. C. College, Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra, India
3PG Department of Botany, Krishna Mahavidhyalaya, Shivnagar, Rethare (BK.), Maharashtra, India

*Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mahendra R. Bhise, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, L.K.D.K. Banmeru Science College, Lonar, Maharashtra, India
Received: 12 June 2016/Revised: 20 July 2016/Accepted: 20 August 2016

ABSTRACT- The present study deals with a total of 47 new records of black mildew fungi belonging to Meliolaceous, Asterinaceous, Schiffnerulaceous and fungi from Parodiopsidaceae groups, collected on different phanerogamic host plants from Mahabaleshwar and its surrounding areas of Satara district, Maharashtra state, India. Among these, Meliola litseae classified under family Meliolaceae (Meliolales) is found to be new record to the fungi of India and hence reported here for the first time from India. However, remaining 46 taxa are reported for the first time from the Maharashtra state.
Key-Words- Black mildew, Fungi, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, Western Ghats.

INTRODUCTION- The black mildew fungi are very specialized in their structures and habitat. These are inconspicuous, mostly foliicolous, superficial, obligate parasites, host specific and characterized by appressoriate filamentous mycelium forming black colonies on the surface of living leaves, with generally tropical distribution. These are mainly from four groups’ viz. Meliolaceous (characterized by strictly two celled appressoria, presence or absence of mycelial setae and consistent two to four septate ascospores), Asterinaceous (characterized by having shield-shaped thyriothecia, splitting radially like a star or stellately or by longitudinal dehiscence and uniseptate ascospores), Schiffnerulaceous (well-known to show the connection between teleomorph and synanamorphs) and fungi from Parodiopsidaceae (characterized by presence of globose perithecium, dehiscing by irregular ostiole, consistently uniseptate ascospores) [1-4].
India has been the cradle for black mildew fungi and about 1159 taxa of black mildews are known from India [1-16].
Some of the researchers contributed certain number of these fungi from Maharashtra state [10-27]. Hence, this group of fungi attract the attention for extensive exploration and investigation from Maharashtra state.
During the exploration of black mildew fungi from Mahabaleshwar and its surrounding areas, one species of genus Meliola namely, M. litseae Syd. on Litsea josephii S. M. Almeida, is found to be new addition to the fungi of India and hence reported here for the first time from India on hitherto unreported host. However, 46 taxa (19 taxa of Meliolaceous; 20 taxa of Asterinaceous; 6 taxa of Schiffnerulaceous and 1 species of fungi from Parodiopsidaceae) are reported here for the first time from the Maharashtra state. The detail morphological description, colour photomicrographs and discussion is provided here only for species new to India, and the taxa newly recorded to Maharashtra state are only listed in study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS- The black mildews infected plant parts were collected from study area during winter (2012–2014) and brought to the laboratory of Dept. of Botany, Krishna Mahavidhyalaya, Shivnagar, Rethare (BK.), India. The host plants were identified using the regional flora [28]. The specimens were air-dried by gentle pressure in blotting papers and preserved in standard size herbarium packets. Both macro and micro-morphological characters are used for taxonomical studies of collected fungi. Microscopic preparations were made in lactophenol as well as in cot-ton blue and observed under compound light microscope. To observe mycelial branching and position of appressoria, a drop of peeling solution (Xylene-Thermocol solution) was applied on selected colonies, and after drying, the film was mounted directly again in the same solution [29]. Biometric data were based on at least 20 measurements of morphological structures. The fungal specimens were identified and their distributional records were checked by using standard literature [1-8, 30-33]. Photomicrographs of microscopic preparations are made under Leica DM2000 fluorescence microscope equipped with digital camera. Identified specimens are deposited in ‘Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis’ (HCIO), IARI, New Delhi (India) for easy access in future.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Taxonomy- A) New record to India- Meliola litseae Syd. Ann. Mycol. 15: 187. 1917; Hansf. Sydowia Beih. 2: 50, 1961 (Fig. 1).
Colonies amphigenous, dark brown, circular to spreading, thin, confluent, up to 5 mm in diam. Hyphae dark brown, straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate at wide angles, closely reticulate, wall thick, rough; cells 28–33 × 7–9 µm in size. Appressoria alternate, moderately placed, antrorse, straight, 24–32 × 10–16 µm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, straight to curved, 5–9 × 7–9 µm; head cells oblong, clavate, rarely shallowly lobed, straight to curved, margin entire to crenulate, thick, 19–23 × 10–16 µm in size. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 19–30 × 7–9 µm in size. Mycelial setae simple, straight to slightly bent, sparsely scattered, aggregated around perithecia, sharply pointed to acute at the tip, up to 645 µm long. Perithecia globose, scattered to grouped at center of colony, verrucose, up to 203 µm in diam. Ascospores oblong to cylindrical, dark brown, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, tapering to rounded at both ends, 40–51 × 14–19 µm.

Specimen examined- On living leaves of Litsea josephii S. M. Almeida (Lauraceae), Gureghar, 17°55’19.2”N, 73°44’22.7”E, elev. 1284 m, 19.10.2012, Bhise M.R., HCIO 51685; HCIO 51684.

Distribution- Formosa, India (Maharashtra), Java, Philippines.

Notes- Meliola litseae Syd. was described on Litsea perrottetii and L. glutinosa from Philippines and further, reported on L. cubeba, L. naronhae, L. polyantha and L. garciae from Formosa, Java and Philippines [30]. So far, this species seems to be a most diverse species, and it is represented by 5 different varieties reported from India on species of host genus Litsea [1]. However, the present collection matches well with the type species, which was known from Philippines [30] and not reported from India [1-8]. Hence, M. litseae is found to be new addition to the fungi of India and reported here for the first time from India.
This species is found to be associated with Asterina hosagoudarii Bhise & Patil and hyperparasitized by hypomycetous fungi.

Fig 1: Meliola litseae 1. Infected leaf, 2. Mycelial colony, 3. Appressoriate mycelium with phialides, 4. Perithecium, 5. Tip of mycelial setae, 6. Ascospores
B) New records to Maharashtra state- A total of 46 taxa of black mildew fungi (of these, 19 taxa of Meliolaceous; 20 taxa of Asterinaceous; 6 taxa of Schiffnerulaceous and 1 taxon of Parodiopsidaceae) are found to be unrecorded from the Maharashtra state and hence reported here for the first time [17-27, 34]. However, concerned to the earlier exploration of black mildews in India, most of these are reported from the Western Ghats region of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Kar-nataka states [1-5]. Out of 46 newly recorded fungal taxa for the Maharashtra state, 21 taxa are recorded on new hosts and remaining taxa are found on same host plant (Table 1).

Table 1. List of new records of black mildew fungi to Maharashtra state        
S.NoName of the fungus Family Name of the host plant LocalityDeposition number Distribution Remark
1 Armatella litseae (Henn.) Theiss. & Sydow var. boninensis Katumoto & Harada Armatellaceae Litsea josephii S.M. Almeida Pratapgad HCIO 51709 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Japan, Australia, Taiwan, China, Philippines Reported on new host
2 Asteridiella emciciana Hosag., Robin & Archana Meliolaceae Scutia myrtina (Burm. f.) Kurz Gonoshi forest HCIO 51764 India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) Reported on same host
3 Asteridiella malloticola (Yamam) Hansf. Meliolaceae Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Chaturbet HCIO 51711 Formosa, India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), Philippines Reported on same host
4 Asteridiella sapota-cearum Hansf. Meliolaceae Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Raf. Gonoshi forest HCIO 51765 Brazil, India (Karnataka, Maharashtra) Reported on new host, associated with Asterina laxiuscula Sydow and Meliola sideroxyli Stev.
5 Asterina atalantiae Hosag. & Agarwal Asterinaceae Atalantia racemosa Wight Kate’s Point HCIO 51712 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on new host
6 Asterina caseariae Hansf. Asterinaceae Caesearia graveolens Dalz. Hatlote HCIO 51766 China, India (Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Taiwan, Uganda Reported on new host
Renoshi forest HCIO 51767
7 Asterina chukra-siae Hosag Asterinaceae Aglaia lawii (Wight) Sald. Birmanwadi River side HCIO 51768 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on new host
8 Asterina combreti Sydow. Asterinaceae Terminalia elliptica Willd. Par HCIO 51769 Ghana, Guinea, India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Kenya, South Africa Reported on same host
Gonoshi forest HCIO 51770
9 Asterina disciferae Hosag. Asterinaceae Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alst. Pratapgad HCIO 51651 India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) Reported on new host, associated with Asteridiella syzygii Hansf. and Asterina jambolanae Kar & Maity.
Gonoshi forest HCIO 51652
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Gonoshi forest HCIO 51653
Syzygium rubicundum Wight & Arn. Birmani-Bhairijo-geshwari HCIO 51454
Dudhoshi HCIO 51655
10 Asterina elaegni (Sydow) Sydow & Petrak Asterinaceae Elaeagnus conferta Roxb Par HCIO 51771 India (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) Reported on new host
Gonoshi forest HCIO 51772
11 Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cooke Asterinaceae Jasminum malabaricum Wight Par HCIO 51699 India (Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), South Africa, Uganda. Associated with Meliola gmellipoda Doidge and Meliola jasmini Hansf. & Stev.
12 Asterina hibisci (Doidge) Hosag. Asterinaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Pratapgad HCIO 51775 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), South Africa Reported on same host
13 Asterina jambolanae Kar & Maity Asterinaceae Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alst. Pratapgad HCIO 51659 India (Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal) S. caryophylla-tum and S. rubicundum are new host records
Syzygium heyneanum (Duthie) Wall. Ex Gamble var.heyneanum Chaturbet Forest HCIO 51661
Syzygium rubicundum Wight & Arn. Par HCIO 51662
14 Asterina litseae Yates Asterinaceae Litsea deccanensis Gamble Chaturbet HCIO 51716 India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh), Philippines Reported on same host
15 Asterina lobulifera Sydow Asterinaceae Glochidion ellipticum Wight Birmani HCIO 51717 China, India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Japan, Philippine, Taiwan Reported on same host
16 Asterina morellae Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham Asterinaceae Garcinia indica (Du Petit-Thou.) Choisy Pratapgad HCIO 51779 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on new host
17 Asterina piperina Sydow Asterinaceae Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C.B.Cl. Ghonaspur HCIO 51720 China, India (Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra), Malaysia, Philippine, Taiwan Reported on new host, associated with Meliola stenospora Wint. var. major Hansf.
18 Asterina rhamni Kar & Ghosh Asterinaceae Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Hatlote HCIO 51722 India (Maharashtra, West Bengal) Reported on new host
19 Asterina tertia Racib. Asterinaceae Rhinacanthus nasuta (L.) Kurz Ambenalighat HCIO 51723 Colombia, India (Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia, South Africa Reported on same host
Asystasia dalzelliana Sant. Pratapgad HCIO 51724
20 Asterina trichiliae Doidge. Asterinaceae Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. Pratapgad HCIO 51782 India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), Ghana, South Africa Reported on same host
21 Asterina wingfieldii Hosag., Balakr. & Goos Asterinaceae Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex A. Juss. Gonoshi HCIO 51783 India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) Reported on new host
Grewia serrulata DC. Hatlote HCIO 51784
22 Asterina wrightiae Sydow Asterinaceae Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Kharoshi HCIO 51726 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Philippines Associated with Sarcinella wrightiae
23 Asterostomella flacourtiae-montanae Hosag. Asterinaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Machutar-Tetawali HCIO 51785 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on same host
24 Asterostomula pavettae Hosag. & Sabeena Asterinaceae Pavetta concanica Bremek. Par-Wada HCIO 51786 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) This is the only species known on Pavetta
25 Balladynopsis negrii (Cast.) M.B. Fllis Parodiopsida-ceae Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Mahaba-leshwar HCIO 51701 India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) Reported on same host
26 Irenopsis leeae Hansf. var. javensis Hansf. Meliolaceae Cissus elongata Roxb. Par HCIO 51789 India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) Reported on same host
27 Meliola bataanensis Sydow & Sydow Meliolaceae Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali Renoshi HCIO 51729 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Philippines Reported on new host
28 Meliola caesalpiniicola Deighton Meliolaceae Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. Old Mahabaleshwar HCIO 51731 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Philippines Reported on new host
29 Meliola capensis (Kalch. & Cooke) Theiss var. allophylicola Hansf & Deight. Meliolaceae Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Chaturbet HCIO 51732 India (Maharashtra, West Bengal), Gold Coast Reported on same host
30 Meliola careyae (Stev.) Hosag. var. indica Hosag. Meliolaceae Careya arborea Roxb. Birmani HCIO 51793 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on same host
31 Meliola commixta Sydow Meliolaceae Dimocarpus longan Lour. Pratapgad HCIO 51735 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Philippines Reported on same host
32 Meliola cookeana Speg. Meliolaceae Vitex leucoxylon L. f. Kasurde HCIO 51736 India (Karnataka, Maharashtra), Congo Belge, Florida, Formosa, Java, Philippines, Sierra Leone Reported on same host
33 Meliola cookeana Speg. var. viticis (Hansf.) Hansf. Meliolaceae Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. Hatlote HCIO 51734 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Indonesia, Java, Malaysia, Taiwan, Uganda Reported on same host
34 Meliola gemellipoda Doidge Meliolaceae Jasminum malabaricum Wight Bamnoli HCIO 51681 Congo Belge, Gold Coast, India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra), Malaya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanganyika Associated with Meliola jasmini Hansf. & Stev. and Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cooke
35 Meliola jasmini Hansf. & Stev. Meliolaceae Jasminum malabaricum Wight Wilson point HCIO 51683 Gold Coast, India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Malaya, Sierra Leone, Uganda Reported on new host, associated with Meliola gemellipoda Doidge and Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cooke
36 Meliola longiseta Hoehnel Meliolaceae Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn. var. umbellatum (Wight) Sant.& Merch. Par-Wada HCIO 51675 India (Karnataka, Maharashtra), Samoa Associated with Meliola plectroniae Hansf.
37 Meliola oleicola Doidge Meliolaceae Olea dioica Roxb. Birmanwadi road HCIO 51689 India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Philippines Reported on new host
38 Meliola psychotriae Earle Meliolaceae Oxyceros rugulosus (Thw.) Tirveng. Mahabaleshwar HCIO 51800 Borneo, Brazil, Congo Belge, Ecuador, India (Kerala, Maharashtra), Java, Philippines, Porto Rico, San Domingo, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Reported on new host
39 Meliola ramosii Sydow & Sydow Meliolaceae Homonoia riparia Lour. Kasurde HCIO 51746 India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra), Philippines Reported on same host
40 Meliola wendlandiae Hosag. Meliolaceae Wendlandia thyrsoidea (R. & S.) Steud. Pratapgad HCIO 51752 India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) Reported on same host
41 Sarcinella glycosmidis Kamal & Singh Schiffnerulaceae Paramignya monophylla Wight Ambenalighat HCIO 51697 India (Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Mexico Reported on new host
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Ambenalighat HCIO 51755
42 Sarcinella latifo-liae Srivatava, Chandra & Gupta Schiffnerulaceae Cissus elongata Roxb. Wilson point HCIO 51803 India (Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh) Reported on new host
43 Sarcinella wrightiae Hosag., Archana & Agarwal Schiffnerulaceae Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Kharoshi HCIO 51758 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Associated with Asterina wrightiae Sydow
44 Schiffnerula canthii Hosag. & Archana (Sarcinella sp.) Schiffnerulaceae Meyna laxiflora Robyns Birmanwadi HCIO 51756 India (Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on new host
45 Schiffnerula flacourtiae Hosag. & Jacob. (Sarcinella manilensis (Sacc.) Kranz.) Schiffnerulaceae Flacourtia montana Grah. Chaturbet HCIO 51805 Guinea, India (Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra), Venezuela Reported on same host
46 Schiffnerula glochidii Hosag. (Sarcinella glochidii Hosag.) Schiffnerulaceae Glochidion ellipticum Wight Kate’s Point HCIO 51759 India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra) Reported on new host

ACKNOWLEDGMENT- The authors are grateful to authorities of Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board, Nagpur (M.S.) for granting permission for collection of plant material from study area. Thanks to Prof. S. R. Yadav and Dr. M. M. Lek-hak, Dept. of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for providing the photo-micrography facility; Principal, D.K.A.S.C. College, Ichalkaranji and Principal, Krishna Mahavidhyalaya, Shivnagar, Rethare (BK.), Dist. Satara, for providing laboratory facilities and Principal, L.K.D.K. Banmeru Science College, Lonar for the encouragement.

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