ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
INTRODUCTION
Mutation breeding can be applied to altering specific
character in otherwise good variety in a comparatively
shorter time than conventional breeding method. Attempts
to induce mutations in soybean would be quite useful in
creating genetic variability. Soybean is an important oil
crop with the highest area production and export in the
world. Being an autogamous crop the naturally existing
genetic variability is insufficient for the improvement.
Mutation breeding offers great scope and promises for
generating useful variability for its improvement. Broad
spectrum genetic variability is prerequisite for any
successful breeding programme. Besides the use of induced
mutation in fundamental studies, it may be used to create
additional genetic variability for quantitative traits.
Generation of genetic variability by induced mutagenesis
provided a base for strengthening crop improvement
programme & represents a more efficient source of genetic
variability than the gene pool conserves by nature [1].
This study was undertaken assess the effect of gamma rays
and ethyl methane sulphonate on induction of variability in
soybean varieties PKV-1 and JS-335.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two varieties of Soybean viz., PKV-1 and JS-335 were
treated with gamma rays and EMS. Dry and healthy seeds
of two cultivars were treated with 15, 20, 25, and 30kR of
gamma rays. Also same no. of seeds were presoaked in
water and were treated with freshly prepared 0.05,0.10 and
0.15 percent aqueous solution of EMS.
The irradiated seeds were sown in the field of Department
of Botany, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth
Akola immediately after the treatment in Kharip season
2002. Seeds, treated with the chemical mutagens were
thoroughly washed in a running water and were sown in the
field along with untreated seeds of each variety as control
in Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) replicated
thrice to grow M1 generation.
The seeds from each M1 plants were harvested separately
and sown subsequently in progeny row basis to grow M2
generation in next Rabbi Season. The seeds harvested from
M2 generation were also sown to rise M3 generation in next
Kharip season. The observation were recorded on
variability parameters viz., plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of pods per plant, no. of clusters per plant, yield
per plant, 100 grain weight in M3 generation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data on various genetic parameters are presented in
Table. Wide range of variation was noticed for most of the
characters which indicated great scope for their
improvement. Increased variance & coefficient of variation
were noted for almost all the parameters i.e. Plant height,
no. of branches per plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of
pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. The treatment
mean values were found to deviate from respective control
mean values & indicated that, mutagens used were
effective & induced variability for plant height, no. of
branches per plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per
plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. in M3 generation. The
significant positive shift in all doses &/or concentrations
was observed in no. of pods per plant & yield per plant.
However negative shift was recorded in no. of branches,
plant height & 100 grain wt. similar results of increased
range, mean & variance are also reported by [2] in Bengal
gram. [3] in Soybean, [4;5] in Mung bean. Higher & medium
doses &/ or conc. Recorded maximum genotypic &
phenotypic coefficient of variation in all the parameters.
Also the same doses & conc. recorded maximum
heritability.
However, as suggested by [6], the genetic variation could
not be estimated with the help of genotypic coefficient of
variation alone. The estimates of heritability were also
essential to get the best picture of the genetic gains to be
expected from selection. It indicates the effectiveness with
which selection for genotype can be based upon its
phenotypic performance. In general the heritability
estimates for almost all the characters under study were
high except for plant height, no. of clusters per plant, yield
per plant.
As regards the variance, maximum variance was noted in
cv. PKV-1 as against JS-335 plant height, no. of branches,
no. of clusters, no. of pods, and yield per plant. Relatively
higher doses of mutagen shows high variance except 100
grain wt., the 15kR dose of JS-335 recorded maximum
variance. Regarding coefficient of variation grain yield per
plant, no. of clusters, no. of pods, higher doses of mutagens
recorded maximum coefficient of variation, whereas in
plant height & 100 grain wt. somewhat lower doses
recorded maximum coefficient of variation. The data
revealed that 30kR gamma rays & 0.15% EMS conc.
recorded highest genotypic & phenotypic coefficient of
variation in both the cultivar for plant height, no. of
branches per plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per
plant, yield per plant. In case of 100 grain wt. somewhat
lower doses shows high genotypic & phenotypic coefficient
of variation. The results obtained for variability parameters
were also reported by [7-8] in mungbean, [9] in pigeon pea. It
was also reported by [10-11] in mung bean.
The heritability in broad sense it was found to be highest in
30kR & 20 kR gamma rays dose & 0.15% & 0.10% EMS
conc. recorded high heritability in PKV-1 & JS-335 in case
of all the parameters. The increased heritability &
differential response of varieties with higher dose/ conc.of
mutagens were also reported by in[12] in Faba bean. In case
of no. of branches per plant & 15kR dose in JS-335
recorded high heritability which are in agreement with
those of [13-14] in mung bean.
CONCLUSIONS
The given study concluded that sufficient genetic
variability was induced by all the mutagenic treatments and
may facilitate in substantial improvement through the
selection for each of the characters studied.
There was increased in genotypic and phenotypic
coefficient of variation, heritability and expected genetic
advance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are highly grateful to the North Maharashtra
University, Jalgaon and Principal of Institution to carry out
the present investigation.
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M3 GENERATION
Table 1: Plant height
| Treatments | Range | Mean | Shift | Variance | C.V. % | G.C.V. | P.C.V. | H2 |
| PKV-1 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15kR(gamma) | 40 | 55 | 46.27 | -10.34 | 17.50 | 3.89 | 6.00 | 7.15 | 70.46 |
| 20kR | 32 | 60 | 42.53 | -17.57 | 62.98 | 6.70 | 12.31 | 14.02 | 77.16 |
| 25kR | 35 | 68 | 46.07 | -10.72 | 99.50 | 7.88 | 15.09 | 17.02 | 78.56 |
| 30kR | 28 | 66 | 39.13 | -24.16 | 148.41 | 10.68 | 21.39 | 23.91 | 80.03 |
| Dry control | 45 | 60 | 51.60 | | 24.69 | 2.77 | 5.72 | 6.36 | 80.96 |
| 0.05% | 37 | 59 | 46.93 | -8.21 | 39.64 | 5.30 | 9.20 | 10.62 | 75.10 |
| 0.10% | 30 | 53 | 41.73 | -18.38 | 49.92 | 6.21 | 11.85 | 13.37 | 78.44 |
| 0.15% | 35 | 57 | 43.00 | -15.91 | 50.71 | 5.91 | 11.54 | 12.97 | 79.20 |
| soaked control | 41 | 60 | 51.13 | | 33.41 | 4.16 | 7.71 | 8.76 | 77.48 |
| JS-335 | | | | | | | | | 68.58 |
| 15kR(gamma) | 40 | 55 | 46.27 | -11.43 | 45.50 | 6.14 | 9.07 | 10.96 | 70.15 |
| 20kR | 32 | 60 | 42.53 | -17.69 | 79.10 | 8.74 | 13.40 | 16.00 | 84.01 |
| 25kR | 35 | 68 | 46.07 | -4.91 | 104.83 | 6.08 | 13.93 | 15.20 | 71.25 |
| 30kR | 28 | 66 | 39.13 | -12.65 | 153.54 | 11.09 | 17.46 | 20.69 | 71.91 |
| dry control | 45 | 60 | 51.60 | | 22.35 | 3.42 | 5.48 | 6.46 | 81.01 |
| 0.05% | 37 | 59 | 46.93 | -7.43 | 116.10 | 7.78 | 16.06 | 17.85 | 90.57 |
| 0.10% | 30 | 53 | 41.73 | -10.04 | 182.14 | 6.95 | 21.55 | 22.65 | 83.15 |
| 0.15% | 35 | 57 | 43 | -6.65 | 129.92 | 7.57 | 16.81 | 18.43 | 57.18 |
| Soaked control | 41 | 60 | 51.13 | | 29.70 | 5.71 | 6.60 | 8.73 | |
Table 2: No. of branches /plant
| Treatments | Range | Mean | Shift | Variance | c.v. % | GCV | PCV | H2 |
| PKV-1 | 4 | 8 | | | | | | | |
| 15kR(gamma) | 3 | 7 | 5.80 | -13.81 | 1.17 | 15.32 | 11.05 | 13.84 | 63.79 |
| 20kR | 3 | 8 | 5.13 | -23.77 | 1.55 | 18.79 | 15.23 | 19.43 | 61.45 |
| 25kR | 3 | 8 | 5.27 | -21.69 | 2.21 | 14.76 | 17.33 | 21.51 | 64.94 |
| 30kR | 4 | 8 | 5.00 | -25.70 | 2.00 | 11.50 | 18.07 | 21.13 | 73.13 |
| Dry control | 3 | 8 | 6.73 | | 1.20 | 6.53 | 9.65 | 12.32 | 61.29 |
| 0.05% | 4 | 7 | 5.20 | -25.71 | 2.60 | 16.42 | 21.07 | 24.70 | 72.73 |
| 0.10% | 4 | 7 | 5.53 | -21 | 0.84 | 11.71 | 10.52 | 12.20 | 74.39 |
| 0.15% | 4 | 8 | 5.53 | -21 | 0.84 | 18.86 | 10.61 | 13.13 | 65.26 |
| soaked control | | | 7 | | 1.28 | 6.53 | 7.82 | 11.51 | 46.15 |
| JS-335 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15kR(gamma) | 3 | 7 | 5.13 | -29.33 | 1.55 | 11.47 | 16.04 | 18.08 | 78.71 |
| 20kR | 5 | 9 | 6.80 | -6.33 | 1.31 | 14.94 | 11.55 | 13.29 | 75.51 |
| 25kR | 3 | 7 | 5.00 | -31.12 | 1.29 | 12.55 | 15.20 | 17.45 | 75.91 |
| 30kR | 4 | 8 | 6.07 | -16.39 | 1.78 | 14.48 | 14.22 | 17.50 | 66.01 |
| dry control | 6 | 9 | 7.26 | | 0.78 | 8.41 | 7.87 | 9.34 | 71.68 |
| 0.05% | 3 | 8 | 5.53 | -21 | 1.98 | 8.24 | 18.32 | 19.47 | 88.52 |
| 0.10% | 3 | 9 | 5.73 | -18.14 | 4.64 | 10.21 | 25.14 | 30.01 | 70.17 |
| 0.15% | 4 | 8 | 5.40 | -22.85 | 1.26 | 22.92 | 13.17 | 16.27 | 65.47 |
| soaked control | 5 | 9 | 7 | | 1.28 | 7.83 | 10.54 | 12.99 | 65.77 |
Table 3: No. of pods/plant
| Treatments | Range | Mean | Shift | Variance | C.V.% | GCV | PCV | H2 |
| PKV-1 | | | | | | | |
| 15kR (gamma) | 144 | 189 | 163.40 | 15.72 | 191.26 | 2.90 | 6.01 | 6.67 | 81.17 |
| 20kR | 138 | 182 | 157.73 | 11.71 | 213.78 | 3.43 | 6.32 | 7.19 | 77.28 |
| 25kR | 119 | 178 | 152.00 | 7.65 | 346.57 | 3.47 | 8.90 | 9.55 | 86.82 |
| 30kR | 110 | 182 | 146.60 | 3.82 | 499.11 | 5.21 | 10.81 | 12.00 | 81.15 |
| Dry control | 124 | 153 | 141.20 | | 74.17 | 3.02 | 3.92 | 4.95 | 62.79 |
| 0.05% | 127 | 185 | 150.27 | 6.82 | 310.50 | 3.50 | 8.46 | 9.16 | 85.41 |
| 0.10% | 122 | 184 | 158.00 | 12.32 | 417.43 | 2.51 | 9.57 | 9.89 | 93.58 |
| 0.15% | 92 | 174 | 144.93 | 3.03 | 575.07 | 6.06 | 11.57 | 13.06 | 78.44 |
| soaked control | 124 | 159 | 140.67 | | 98.95 | 3.14 | 4.68 | 5.64 | 69.02 |
| JS-335 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15kR (gamma) | 112 | 171 | 136.93 | 10.47 | 397.92 | 4.15 | 10.47 | 11.26 | 86.42 |
| 20kR | 19 | 168 | 143.33 | 7.28 | 243.67 | 4.88 | 7.28 | 8.77 | 68.98 |
| 25kR | 110 | 176 | 140.40 | 10.32 | 438.26 | 5.36 | 10.32 | 11.63 | 78.76 |
| 30kR | 112 | 173 | 142.87 | 11.70 | 531.27 | 4.55 | 11.70 | 12.55 | 86.85 |
| dry control | 100 | 132 | 121.20 | 4.84 | 82.60 | 3.28 | 4.84 | 5.85 | 68.61 |
| 0.05% | 112 | 158 | 137.00 | 5.47 | 181.14 | 6.11 | 5.47 | 8.20 | 44.51 |
| 0.10% | 89 | 143 | 118.20 | 9.48 | 252.74 | 4.73 | 9.48 | 10.59 | 80.07 |
| 0.15% | 88 | 195 | 130.13 | 13.89 | 786.70 | 8.68 | 13.89 | 16.38 | 71.92 |
| soaked control | 102 | 132 | 113.33 | 5.16 | 84.38 | 4.07 | 5.16 | 6.57 | 61.71 |
Table 4: No. of clusters/plant
| treatments | Range | Mean | Shift | Variance | C.V.% | GCV | PCV | H2 |
| PKV-1 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15Kr (gammarays) |
49 | 78 | 59.33 | 19.14 | 86.10 | 6.07 | 10.74 | 12.34 | 75.80 |
| 20kR | 45 | 72 | 58.40 | 17.27 | 93.26 | 4.22 | 12.14 | 12.85 | 89.23 |
| 25kR | 28 | 69 | 45.33 | -8.97 | 142.38 | 8.76 | 18.54 | 20.51 | 81.73 |
| 30kR | 18 | 68 | 46.07 | -7.50 | 228.07 | 11.48 | 23.15 | 25.84 | 80.27 |
| Dry control | 35 | 59 | 49.80 | | 51.31 | 6.31 | 9.49 | 11.40 | 69.36 |
| 0.05% | 38 | 62 | 51.87 | 2.10 | 71.41 | 6.51 | 11.09 | 12.86 | 74.34 |
| 0.10% | 30 | 72 | 44.20 | -12.99 | 149.03 | 8.77 | 14.39 | 16.85 | 72.93 |
| 0.15% | 30 | 63 | 45.80 | -9.84 | 123.46 | 10.37 | 16.39 | 19.40 | 71.41 |
| soaked control | 38 | 60 | 50.80 | | 48.46 | 3.76 | 9.79 | 10.48 | 87.13 |
| JS-335 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15Kr (gammarays) |
45 | 81 | 64.20 | 25.06 | 190.17 | 12.49 | 11.63 | 17.06 | 46.44 |
| 20kR | 25 | 78 | 44.80 | -12.73 | 229.60 | 7.09 | 24.63 | 25.63 | 92.35 |
| 25kR | 30 | 78 | 52.73 | 2.73 | 204.92 | 12.46 | 17.95 | 21.85 | 67.50 |
| 30kR | 25 | 80 | 53.53 | 4.29 | 277.12 | 13.23 | 20.16 | 24.12 | 69.92 |
| dry control | 38 | 64 | 51.33 | | 57.95 | 5.32 | 10.35 | 11.63 | 79.07 |
| 0.05% | 23 | 55 | 39.47 | -11.11 | 100.84 | 7.14 | 16.78 | 18.23 | 84.68 |
| 0.10% | 23 | 68 | 41.33 | -6.91 | 160.24 | 14.50 | 20.16 | 24.83 | 65.89 |
0.15% | 22 | 72 | 53.67 | 20.87 | 186.81 | 11.30 | 16.69 | 20.15 | 68.56 |
| soaked control | 30 | 59 | 44.40 | | 72.11 | 9.34 | 12.25 | 15.41 | 63.23 |
Table 5: No. of Yield/plant
| Treatments | Range | Mean | Shift | variance | C.V. % | CV | CV | H2 |
| PKV-1 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15KR(gamma) | 16.50 | 46 | 33.42 | 19.71 | 76.67 | 9.10 | 18.26 | 20.40 | 80.09 |
| 20KR | 17 | 48 | 30.34 | 8.69 | 85.24 | 9.56 | 21.68 | 23.70 | 83.71 |
| 25KR | 18 | 53 | 35.93 | 28.71 | 105.07 | 10.49 | 19.89 | 22.49 | 78.24 |
| 30KR | 19 | 48 | 31.79 | 13.87 | 123.79 | 11.47 | 24.86 | 27.38 | 82.44 |
| Dry control | 22.70 | 35.13 | 27.92 | | 16.33 | 7.08 | 9.41 | 11.78 | 63.85 |
| 0.05% | 24 | 49 | 33.29 | 36.41 | 54.48 | 8.70 | 15.35 | 17.64 | 75.66 |
| 0.10% | 18 | 53 | 31.28 | 28.18 | 115.26 | 15.65 | 22.82 | 27.67 | 68.02 |
| 0.15% | 16.91 | 42 | 28.90 | 18.42 | 70.67 | 10.61 | 20.04 | 22.68 | 78.10 |
| soaked control | 17.85 | 29.98 | 24.40 | | 15.65 | 7.26 | 10.39 | 12.68 | 67.19 |
| JS-335 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15KR (gamma) | 19.20 | 48 | 37.75 | 19.14 | 93.65 | 7.21 | 18.67 | 20.01 | 87.04 |
| 20kr | 15.62 | 52 | 33.42 | 5.50 | 150.41 | 12.53 | 26.04 | 28.89 | 81.20 |
| 25kr | 20.76 | 57 | 39.43 | 24.45 | 137.70 | 8.33 | 21.59 | 23.14 | 87.04 |
| 30KR | 16.16 | 48.92 | 30.35 | -4.20 | 107.35 | 10.47 | 24.58 | 26.72 | 84.64 |
| dry control | 22 | 36.24 | 31.68 | | 15.82 | 5.78 | 8.01 | 9.87 | 65.76 |
| 0.05% | 20.23 | 58 | 38.93 | 14.52 | 107.10 | 8.42 | 18.44 | 20.27 | 82.74 |
| 0.10% | 14.67 | 66.28 | 30.66 | -9.81 | 199.58 | 19.93 | 29.48 | 35.58 | 68.61 |
| 0.15% | 22 | 51 | 37.46 | 10.19 | 87.28 | 10.71 | 16.70 | 19.84 | 70.87
|
| soaked control | 28 | 43 | 33.99 | | 19.23 | 6.37 | 8.20 | 10.38 | 62.36 |
Table 6: 100 grain wt
| Treatments | Range | Mean | shift | variance | C.V.% | GCV | PCV | H2 |
| PKV-1 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15KR (gamma) | 12 | 17 | 15.13 | 4.05 | 2.67 | 4.79 | 6.99 | 8.47 | 68.07 |
| 20KR | 11 | 15 | 13.65 | -6.12 | 1.12 | 3.61 | 4.97 | 6.14 | 65.49 |
| 25KR | 11 | 16 | 14.02 | -3.58 | 2.44 | 4.59 | 7.59 | 8.87 | 73.24 |
| 30KR | 11 | 16 | 14.02 | -3.58 | 2.44 | 4.59 | 7.59 | 8.87 | 73.24 |
| Dry control | 12 | 16 | 14.54 | | 1.30 | 3.33 | 5.27 | 6.23 | 71.40 |
| 0.05% | 12 | 15 | 13.70 | -0.58 | 0.72 | 2.45 | 4.03 | 4.72 | 72.95 |
| 0.10% | 12 | 15 | 13.76 | -0.14 | 0.76 | 3.02 | 3.79 | 4.85 | 61.12 |
| 0.15% | 11 | 15 | 14.02 | 1.75 | 1.54 | 3.30 | 5.96 | 6.81 | 76.48 |
| soaked control | 12 | 15 | 13.78 | | 0.83 | 3.06 | 4.36 | 5.32 | 66.94 |
| JS-335 | | | | | | | | | |
| 15KR (gamma) | 11.54 | 16.37 | 13.92 | 4.42 | 2.53 | 4.65 | 6.66 | 8.12 | 67.27 |
| 20kr | 8.78 | 15.2 | 10.77 | -19.20 | 4.35 | 8.59 | 12.68 | 15.32 | 68.55 |
| 25kr | 7.6 | 15.2 | 11.56 | -13.27 | 6.15 | 9.27 | 14.32 | 17.06 | 70.46 |
| 30KR | 9.7 | 15.35 | 12.38 | -7.12 | 2.90 | 5.20 | 9.44 | 10.78 | 76.72d |
| dry control | 11.17 | 16.39 | 13.33 | | 2.88 | 5.92/td> | 8.27 | 10.17 | 66.14 |
| 0.05% | 9.7 | 16.57 | 12.61 | -11.63 | 6.35 | 13.21 | 9.35 | 16.18 | 33.37 |
| 0.10% | 9.35 | 16.4 | 13.05 | -8.54 | 4.77 | 7.78 | 10.71 | 13.24 | 65.50 |
| 0.15% | 9.39 | 14.5 | 12.37 | -13.31 | 1.81 | 5.33 | 6.67 | 8.54 | 61.01 |
| soaked control | 10.54 | 16.8 | 14.27 | | 2.98 | 6.08 | 7.76 | 9.86 | 61.94 |
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